FAQ on traction motors, part 2

Traction motors are optimized for locomotives, EVs, elevators, and other situations where high torque at start-up and low speed is needed.

The previous part of this article established the context for traction motors. This part looks at traction motors in more detail.

Q: What is the relative position of DC versus AC traction motors?
A: In the early days of electric traction – the first decades of the 20^th century – both DC and AC motors were tried. At that time, the technology (admittedly crude by our standards) favored the DC motor as it provided the needed torque characteristic for railway operation and was amenable to control, even if it was not simple to implement. By the 1970s and early 1980s, however, power electronics had progressed to the stage where the 3-phase AC motor had become a serious and more efficient alternative to the DC motor because:

They are simpler to construct, require no mechanical contacts (brushes) to wear or fail, and are lighter than DC motors for equivalent power.
Modern electronics allow AC motors to be controlled effectively to improve performance and efficiency. Further, AC motors can be processor-controlled with sophisticated algorithms that improve performance, control adhesion and slippage, and offer many operational advantages.
They are more robust and easier to maintain than DC motors.

Q: What are the basics of DC motors?
A: The first electric motor was the brushed DC motor; large and small ones are still used. The brushes (spring-loaded contacts) press against an extension of the armature called the commutator (Figure 1). As the magnetic fields of the stator and commutator fields interact, the commutator rotates, and the brushes “switch” the current direction so the field reverses and thus continues to push the rotor.

Figure 1. The classic DC-driven motor requires no electronics, as it self-communicates the current via the conductive brushes, which alternate the current’s direction and thus reverse the magnetic field. (Image: The Railway Technical Website)

The high current results in strong magnetic fields and high starting torque (turning force), which is well-suited for starting a heavy object like a train. Controlling the speed and torque over a wide range, however, is difficult and was done by manually switching resistors in and out, in both series and parallel, to match the applied current and current to the load, speed, and torque objectives.

In general, most new systems do not use DC brushed traction motors due to control and maintenance issues, and high performance can now be achieved using AC-driven motors.

Q: What about AC-driven motors?
A: There are two types of AC motors: synchronous and asynchronous (induction) motors. The synchronous motor is “encouraged” to rotate by the alternating AC current applied to its windings. The AC motor has no brushes since there is no electrical connection between the armature and the fields, and the armature can be made of steel laminations instead of the large number of windings required in other motors. These features make building more robust and cheaper than a DC-based commutator motor.

Q: What are the attributes of the asynchronous AC drive?
A: Modern electronics, especially the insulated bipolar gate transistor (IGBT), make the asynchronous AC drive practical (Figure 2). The frequency of its supply determines the speed of a 3-phase AC motor, but, at the same time, the power must be varied to match the load and torque requirements. The 3-phase traction motor is controlled by feeding in three AC currents, which cause the machine to turn. The three phases are most easily provided by an inverter that supplies the three variable-voltage, variable-frequency (VVVF) inputs, with voltage and frequency variations electronically controlled and optimized.

Figure 2. The modern 3-phase AC motor is controlled by three variable-voltage, variable-frequency (VVVF) inputs; while complicated, it offers many operational benefits. (Image: The Railway Technical Website)

Q: Is AC or DC the preferred higher-voltage primary-line power source for traction motors?
A: It depends. For railways, either AC or DC can be used; of course, it must be stepped down and re-converted to the voltage/frequency the traction motor needs. For many years, AC was preferred since it was much easier to step up/down from the primary power source (generator at the power plant) to the desired voltage for the transmission line. The availability of high-performance solid-state devices such as IGBTs and thyristors, however, makes it possible to step up/down DC effectively, and there are long transmission line advantages to using DC.

As for cars and their traction motors, the primary source is batteries, of course, so it is a DC-source situation. Again, this must be stepped up/down and transformed to AC for the motors.

The final part of this article examines additional traction motor issues.